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Appalachian music is the music of the region of Appalachia in the Eastern United States. It is derived from various European and African influences, including English ballads, Irish and Scottish traditional music (especially fiddle music), hymns, and African-American blues. First recorded in the 1920s, Appalachian musicians were a key influence on the early development of Old-time music, country music, and bluegrass, and were an important part of the American folk music revival of the 1960s. Instruments typically used to perform Appalachian music include the banjo, American fiddle, fretted dulcimer, and guitar.〔Ted Olson, "(Music )," ''Encyclopedia of Appalachia'', 2006. Retrieved: 28 January 2015.〕〔Ron Pen, "(Ballads )," ''Encyclopedia of Appalachia'', 28 February 2011. Retrieved: 28 January 2015.〕〔Steve Hooks, "(Blues )," ''Encyclopedia of Appalachia'', 28 February 2011. Retrieved: 28 January 2015.〕〔Cecilia Conway, "(Celtic Influences )," ''Encyclopedia of Appalachia'', 28 February 2011. Retrieved: 28 January 2015.〕〔Charles Faber, "(Country Music )," ''Encyclopedia of Appalachia'', 28 February 2011. Retrieved: 28 January 2015.〕〔Richard Blaustein, "(Folk Music Revivals )," ''Encyclopedia of Appalachia'', 1 March 2011. Retrieved: 28 January 2015.〕 Early recorded Appalachian musicians include Fiddlin' John Carson, G. B. Grayson & Henry Whitter, Bascom Lamar Lunsford, the Carter Family, Clarence Ashley, Frank Proffitt, and Dock Boggs, all of whom were initially recorded in the 1920s and 1930s. Several Appalachian musicians obtained renown during the folk revival of the 1950s and 1960s, including Jean Ritchie, Roscoe Holcomb, Ola Belle Reed, Lily May Ledford, Hedy West and Doc Watson. Country and bluegrass artists such as Loretta Lynn, Roy Acuff, Dolly Parton, Earl Scruggs, Chet Atkins, The Stanley Brothers and Don Reno were heavily influenced by traditional Appalachian music.〔 Artists such as Bob Dylan, Jerry Garcia, and Bruce Springsteen have performed Appalachian songs or rewritten versions of Appalachian songs. ==History== Immigrants from England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland arrived in Appalachia in the 18th century, and brought with them the musical traditions of these countries. These traditions consisted primarily of English and Scottish ballads— which were essentially unaccompanied narratives— and dance music, such as Irish reels, which were accompanied by a fiddle.〔 Several Appalachian ballads, such as "Pretty Saro", "Barbara Allen", "The Cuckoo", "Wayfaring Stranger" and "House Carpenter", are rooted in the English ballad tradition. Some fiddle songs popular in Appalachia, such as "Leather Britches", "Wind and Rain", and "Pretty Polly", have Scottish roots.〔Cecelia Conway, "Celtic Influences". ''Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee, 2006), p. 1132.〕 The dance tune "Cumberland Gap" may be derived from the tune that accompanies the Scottish ballad "Bonnie George Campbell".〔Song notes in ''Bascom Lamar Lunsford: Ballads, Banjo Tunes, and Sacred Songs of Western North Carolina'' (liner notes ). Smithsonian Folkways, 1996.〕 The "New World" ballad tradition, consisting of ballads written in North America, was as equally influential as the Old World tradition in the development of Appalachian music. New World ballads were typically written to reflect news events of the day, and were often published as broadsides.〔 New World ballads popular among Appalachian musicians included "Omie Wise", "Wreck of the Old 97", and "John Hardy". Later, coal mining and its associated labor issues led to the development of protest songs, such as "Which Side Are You On?" and "Coal Creek March".〔Stephen Mooney, "Coal-Mining and Protest Music". ''Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), pp. 1136–1137.〕 One of the most iconic symbols of Appalachian culture— the banjo— was brought to the region by African-American slaves in the 18th century. Black banjo players were performing in Appalachia as early as 1798, when their presence was documented in Knoxville, Tennessee.〔Cecelia Conway, "Appalachian Echoes of the African Banjo". ''Appalachians and Race: The Mountain South from Slavery to Segregation'' (Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2001), pp. 27–32.〕 The banjo is believed to have been popularized among white musicians through blackface minstrelsy, which was performed in the Appalachian region throughout the 19th century.〔Cecelia Conway, "Banjo". ''Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), pp. 1122–1123.〕 African-American blues, which spread through the region in the early 20th century, brought harmonic (such as the third and seventh blue notes, and sliding tones) and verbal dexterity to Appalachian music, and many early Appalachian musicians, such as Dock Boggs and Hobart Smith, recalled being greatly influenced by watching black musicians perform.〔Barry O'Connell, "(Down a Lonesome Road: Dock Boggs' Life in Music )." Extended version of essay in ''Dock Boggs: His Folkways Recordings, 1963–1968'' (liner notes ), 1998.〕〔Stephen Wade, Notes in ''Hobart Smith: In Sacred Trust — The 1963 Fleming Brown Tapes'' (liner notes ), 2004.〕 Other instruments such as the guitar, mandolin, and autoharp became popular in Appalachia in the late 19th century as a result of mail order catalogs. These instruments were added to the banjo-and-fiddle outfits to form early string bands.〔 The fretted dulcimer— often called the "Appalachian" or "mountain" dulcimer due to its popularity in the region— emerged in Southwest Pennsylvania and Northwest Virginia in the 19th century. Unrelated to the hammered dulcimer, the fretted dulcimer is essentially a modified zither. In the early 20th century, settlement schools in Kentucky taught the fretted dulcimer to students, helping spread its popularity in the region. Singer Jean Ritchie was largely responsible for popularizing the instrument among folk music enthusiasts in the 1950s.〔Lucy Long, "Fretted Dulcimer". ''Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), pp. 1144–1145.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Appalachian music」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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